To elucidate mechanisms underlying neuroprotective properties of astrocytes in brain ischemia, production of neurotrophic mediators was studied in astrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Rat astrocytes subjected to H/R released increased amounts of interleukin (IL) 6 in a time-dependent manner, whereas levels of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 remained undetectable. IL-6 transcripts were induced in hypoxia and the early phase of reoxygenation, whereas synthesis and release of IL-6 antigen/activity occurred during reoxygenation. Elevated levels of IL-6 mRNA were due, at least in part, to increased transcription, as shown by nuclear runoff analysis. The mechanism stimulating synthesis and release of IL-6 antigen by astrocytes was probably production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), which occurred within 15-20 minutes after placing hypoxia cultures back into normoxia, as the inhibitor diphenyl iodonium inhibited the burst of ROIs and subsequent IL-6 generation (blockade of nitric oxide formation had no effect on ROI generation or IL-6 production). Enhanced IL-6 generation was also observed in human astrocytoma cultures exposed to H/R. Survival of differentiated PC12 cells exposed to H/R was potentiated by conditioned medium from H/R astrocytes, an effect blocked by neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibody. In a gerbil model of brain ischemia, IL-6 activity was lower in the hippocampus, an area sensitive to ischemia, compared with IL-6 activity in the cortex, an area more resistant to ischemia. IL-6 antigen, demonstrated immunohistochemically, was increased in astrocytes from ischemic regions of gerbil brain. These data suggest that H/R enhances transcription of IL-6, resulting in increased translation and release of IL-6 antigen after the burst of ROI generated early during reoxygenation. Release of IL-6 from astrocytes could exert a paracrine neurotrophic effect in brain ischemia.
Article|
December 01 1994
Hypoxia/reoxygenation-mediated induction of astrocyte interleukin 6: a paracrine mechanism potentially enhancing neuron survival.
Y Maeda,
Y Maeda
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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M Matsumoto,
M Matsumoto
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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O Hori,
O Hori
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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K Kuwabara,
K Kuwabara
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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S Ogawa,
S Ogawa
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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S D Yan,
S D Yan
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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T Ohtsuki,
T Ohtsuki
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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T Kinoshita,
T Kinoshita
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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T Kamada,
T Kamada
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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D M Stern
D M Stern
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
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Y Maeda
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
M Matsumoto
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
O Hori
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
K Kuwabara
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
S Ogawa
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
S D Yan
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
T Ohtsuki
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
T Kinoshita
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
T Kamada
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
D M Stern
Department of Immunoregulation, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
Online ISSN: 1540-9538
Print ISSN: 0022-1007
J Exp Med (1994) 180 (6): 2297–2308.
Citation
Y Maeda, M Matsumoto, O Hori, K Kuwabara, S Ogawa, S D Yan, T Ohtsuki, T Kinoshita, T Kamada, D M Stern; Hypoxia/reoxygenation-mediated induction of astrocyte interleukin 6: a paracrine mechanism potentially enhancing neuron survival.. J Exp Med 1 December 1994; 180 (6): 2297–2308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.6.2297
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